As some of you may be aware, recently the BBC has been running (yet another) tawdry and dull drama on Robin Hood. This one is even worse than the norm for such shows. Hood’s men look like a carbon copy of the Arctic Monkeys. Gisborne is an egotistical leather-fetishist. Maid Marion is a feminist half a millennia before Wollstonecraft. And, of course, it’s all a pan-European plot to take over Good(e) Old(e) England.
As usual, Hood is portrayed as a heroic proto-socialist, deeply concerned with the suffering of the oppressed peasantry. He steals from the rich, gives to the poor and clearly hates the feudal system. He and his men will crush those aristocratic spongers and restore those starving serfs to their natural freedom.
Of course, it’s all a bit of fun. But, at the back of my mind, the niggling pedant won’t shut up. What are they making Hood out to be this time? An egalitarian? Oh no, not again. Why?
You see, the problem is that I just can’t see the myth of Robin Hood as anything but deeply conservative. Yes, he is somewhat unusual for a medieval nobleman. Yes, he respects the peasantry. Yes, he steals from the rich and gives to the poor. But when he steals, he does so not as a social revolutionary, but as a conservative monarchist seeking to restore an idealised version of the distinctly un-egalitarian feudalism.
At first, this probably sounds an odd statement. After all, superficially, Hood is deeply egalitarian, committed to an unofficial form of progressive taxation (Keynesian banditry?) long before the advent of redistributive taxation. But let’s have a look at some common details of the myth, and see if that vision stands up to scrutiny.
First, let’s examine the typical relationship between Robin Hood and the Merry Men. Robin Hood is a nobleman – albeit a disinherited one. He is, we presume, of Norman descent, used to telling peasants what to do, and closed to new ideas on his social status. He is, after all, almost obsessed with taking, “his,” land at Loxley back in many versions of the story. This is symptomatic of the medieval nobility’s complex of blood, honour and belonging which ignores the fact that the peasants, who work and live on the land, really have more right to it than them. He is not a leveller.
The Merry Men, meanwhile, are peasants. They are from the oppressed classes. They have no reason to love Robin from the start. Indeed, they really couldn’t be blamed if they turned around and told the upstart nobleman Hood to go – or if they just killed him and took what money he had left.
But they don’t. Instead, they accept his supreme leadership, rarely questioning it. What does this say? That peasants should take aristocratic orders – even when both are outside the law. More than that though, it says something else. Before Hood came along, the Merry Men were nothing. They were a gang of small-time thieves achieving nothing but the occasional mugging. Then Hood comes along, and they simply succeed. What does that say? That peasants are incapable of success without noble leadership.
Very egalitarian.
Now, let’s have a look at the wider relationship between Hood and the peasantry. What’s Hood doing with them? He’s protecting them from aggression, abuse and assault. He’s giving the needy food and money when starving. He is a nobleman, acting in a vaguely philanthropic fashion, while receiving the allegiance of his men – the essence of ideological paternalism.
What he is not doing is encouraging social revolution. Is he encouraging the peasants to stop paying taxes? Is he encouraging them to think, act or live for themselves? Is he calling for an end to the principle of oppression? No. He is seeking to restore the relationship between the nobility and the peasantry to a stable level in line with the theory of feudalism.
And what about his attitude to the King? In the versions where Prince John is one of the villains, Hood also fights for the usurped King Richard. He defends not only the practice of monarchy, but the principle – he wants a pious, godly monarch who will correct the imbalance of stability and authority created by John and his cronies. Robin Hood fights for the King.
So, in most stories, Robin Hood is not a leveller, not an egalitarian and not a republican.
What is he then? That’s quite simple. He’s a feudalist. In most cases, he’s not aiming for a social revolution, but a restoration – to a (non-existent) golden age of paternalism where the feudal system worked for all.
What many people seem to forget is that feudalism wasn’t (in theory) a system designed to squeeze every last drop of blood from the peasantry. It instead represented a system whereby, in return for their fealty and labour, the nobility would protect the peasantry, from attack by the sword, from starvation by charity, and from damnation by piety. They were not meant to levy crippling taxes, or brutalise the peasants, or crush them so badly. If the aristocracy did, they had broken the, “sacred,” relationship.
With this in mind, Hood’s purpose is more clear. In attacking the Sheriff, he’s attacking a man who’s broken the bond of trust between Lord and Bondsman. In defending King Richard, he’s defending the true, good King on the throne by divine right. In feeding the peasants, he’s doing his duty as a paternalist nobleman and protecting them in hard times. He is, in essence, acting like the perfect feudal nobleman.
Of course, his view of feudalism is hopelessly naïve and, ultimately, plain wrong. If nothing else, the enduring popularity of Robin Hood type ballads throughout the Middle-Ages maybe indicates that the relationship was more of less constantly broken.
There are some different versions of Robin Hood, of course. Early ballads in particular often portray Hood not as a nobleman, but a yeoman, fighting a sheriff who was just doing his job. This could justly be termed as vaguely class based, perhaps – the yeoman-rebel fighting the authorities because they were the authorities.
But, in the long term, versions of this sort appear to be in the minority. Certainly, the majority of surviving Robin-Hood ballads, dating mostly from the 16th and 17th Centuries, are concerned with the more familiar paternalist-hero. Interestingly, this period is the one where the relationship between the monarch and people advocated in feudalism was visibly dissolving. The advent of Protestantism meant that the Divine Right of the King and nobility came under question. Bad harvests and a Little Ice Age meant that people were often hungry anyway. And a Civil War began in part because the monarch had moved in a popular view from protector to oppressor, and was acting like a tyrant.
So there we have it. Robin Hood: feudalist, monarchist and conservative.
